{"id":2781,"date":"2021-09-23T15:52:12","date_gmt":"2021-09-23T15:52:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astronomia.bedigital.cl\/espanol-alma-revela-galaxias-al-principio-del-tiempo-que-son-invisibles-debido-al-polvo-cosmico\/"},"modified":"2024-11-12T19:04:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:04:46","slug":"espanol-alma-revela-galaxias-al-principio-del-tiempo-que-son-invisibles-debido-al-polvo-cosmico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/espanol-alma-revela-galaxias-al-principio-del-tiempo-que-son-invisibles-debido-al-polvo-cosmico\/","title":{"rendered":"[:en]ALMA Unveil Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn That Were Hiding Behind the Dust[:es]ALMA revela galaxias al principio del tiempo que son invisibles debido al polvo c\u00f3smico[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:en]While investigating the data of young, distant galaxies observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Yoshinobu Fudamoto from Waseda University and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan noticed unexpected emissions coming from seemingly empty regions in space that, a global research team confirmed, came actually from two hitherto undiscovered galaxies heavily obscured by cosmic dust. This discovery suggests that numerous such galaxies might still be hidden in the early Universe, many more than researchers were expecting.<\/p>\n

When astronomers peer deep into the night sky, they observe what the Universe looked like a long time ago. Because the speed of light is finite, studying the most distant observable galaxies allows us to glimpse billions of years into the past when the Universe was very young and galaxies had just started to form stars. Studying this \u201cearly Universe\u201d is one of the last frontiers in astronomy and is essential for constructing accurate and consistent astrophysics models. A key goal of scientists is to identify all the galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic history and to measure the rate at which galaxies were growing by forming new stars.<\/p>\n

Various efforts have been made over the past decades to observe distant galaxies, which are characterized by electromagnetic emissions that become strongly redshifted (shifted towards longer wavelengths) before reaching the Earth. So far, our knowledge of early galaxies has mostly relied on observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large ground-based telescopes, which probe their ultra-violet (UV) emission. However, recently, astronomers have started to use the unique capability of the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope to study distant galaxies at submillimeter wavelengths. This could be particularly useful for studying dusty galaxies missed in the HST surveys due to the dust absorbing UV emission. Since ALMA observes in submillimeter wavelengths, it can detect these galaxies by observing the dust emissions instead.<\/p>\n

In an ongoing large program called REBELS (Reionization-Era Bright Emission Line Survey), astronomers are using ALMA to observe the emissions of 40 target galaxies at cosmic dawn. Using this dataset, they have recently discovered that the regions around some of these galaxies contain more than meets the eye.<\/p>\n

While analyzing the observed data for two REBELS galaxies, Fudamoto noticed strong emission by dust and singly ionized carbon in positions substantially offset from the initial targets. To his surprise, even highly sensitive equipment like the HST couldn\u2019t detect any UV emission from these locations. To understand these mysterious signals, Fudamoto and his colleagues investigated matters further.<\/p>\n

In their latest paper published in\u00a0Nature<\/em>, astronomers presented a thorough analysis, revealing that these unexpected emissions came from two previously unknown galaxies located near the two original REBELS targets. These galaxies are not visible in the UV or visible wavelengths as they are almost completely obscured by cosmic dust.\u00a0\u00a0One of them represents the most distant dust-obscured galaxy discovered so far.<\/p>\n

What is most surprising about this serendipitous finding is that the newly discovered galaxies, which formed more than 13 billion years ago, are not strange at all when compared with typical galaxies at the same epoch. \u201cThese new galaxies were missed not because they are\u00a0<\/em>extremely\u00a0rare, but only because they are completely dust-obscured<\/em>,\u201d explains Fudamoto. However, it is uncommon to find such \u201cdusty\u201d galaxies in the early period of the Universe (less than 1 billion years after the Big Bang), suggesting that the current census of early galaxy formation is most likely incomplete, and would call for deeper, blind surveys. \u201cIt is possible that we have been missing up to one out of every five galaxies in the early Universe so far,\u201d Fudamoto adds.<\/p>\n

The researchers expect that the unprecedented capability of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and its strong synergy with ALMA would lead to significant advances in this field in the coming years. \u201cCompleting our census of early galaxies with the currently missing\u00a0dust-obscured galaxies, like the ones we found this time, will be one of the main objectives of JWST and ALMA surveys in the near future<\/em>,\u201d states Pascal Oesch from University of Geneva.<\/p>\n

Overall, this study constitutes an important step in uncovering when the very first galaxies started to form in the early Universe, which in turn shall help us understand where we are standing today.<\/p>\n

Additional<\/strong>\u00a0Information<\/strong><\/h2>\n

These research results are published as Yoshinobu Fudamoto et al. \u201cNormal, Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization\u201d in the journal Nature on September 22, 2021.<\/p>\n

The original image release was published by the\u00a0National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)<\/a>\u00a0an ALMA partner on behalf of East Asia.<\/p>\n

The Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of ESO, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded by ESO on behalf of its Member States, by NSF in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and by NINS in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI).<\/p>\n

ALMA construction and operations are led by ESO on behalf of its Member States; by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), on behalf of North America; and by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) on behalf of East Asia. The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA.<\/p>\n

taken from ALMA press releases<\/a>:<\/p>\n

[:es]Los cient\u00edficos descubren accidentalmente dos galaxias completamente ocultas que se formaron cuando el Universo ten\u00eda solo el 5% de su edad actual.<\/i><\/p>\n

Mientras investigaban nuevos datos de galaxias j\u00f3venes y extremadamente distantes observadas con el Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA) en Chile, los astr\u00f3nomos observaron emisiones inesperadas provenientes de regiones aparentemente vac\u00edas del espacio. La colaboraci\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n global llamada REBELS, que incluye a dos miembros de la Universidad de Chile y la Universidad Diego Portales, descubri\u00f3 que la radiaci\u00f3n se emiti\u00f3 hace miles de millones de a\u00f1os desde <\/b>dos<\/strong> galaxias previamente invisibles, completamente ocultas por nubes de gas c\u00f3smico y polvo. Este descubrimiento sugiere que el censo actual de galaxias en el Universo temprano es todav\u00eda muy incompleto.\u00a0 Los resultados de este trabajo fueron publicados en la prestigiosa revista Nature.<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\\\\\\"\\\\\\"\" Figura 1. Impresi\u00f3n art\u00edstica de la galaxia reci\u00e9n descubierta mientras est\u00e1 enterrada profundamente en el polvo c\u00f3smico. Cr\u00e9ditos: ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO), NASA\/ESA Telescopio Espacial Hubble<\/p>\n

Cuando los astr\u00f3nomos miran profundamente en el cielo nocturno, observan c\u00f3mo era el Universo hace mucho tiempo. Debido a que la luz viaja a trav\u00e9s del tiempo c\u00f3smico, las im\u00e1genes de las galaxias observables m\u00e1s distantes nos proporcionan una visi\u00f3n de miles de millones de a\u00f1os en el pasado.<\/p>\n

En un programa a gran escala de ALMA llamado REBELS (Reionization-Era Bright Emission Line Survey), los astr\u00f3nomos est\u00e1n utilizando las capacidades \u00fanicas de este telescopio para estudiar galaxias distantes en longitudes de onda de aproximadamente un mil\u00edmetro. Un objetivo clave es medir qu\u00e9 tan r\u00e1pido crecen las galaxias j\u00f3venes formando nuevas estrellas.<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00f3mo las galaxias m\u00e1s j\u00f3venes del Universo comenzaron a formar las primeras estrellas, es una de las\u00a0 preguntas m\u00e1s importantes de la astronom\u00eda actual\u201d, comenta el Prof. Valentino Gonz\u00e1lez de la Universidad de Chile e investigador del Centro de Astronom\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00edas Afines (CATA), quien es co-autor del estudio<\/p>\n

El equipo de REBELS observ\u00f3 40 galaxias distantes en un momento en que el Universo ten\u00eda solo el 5% de su edad actual. Mientras analizaban las im\u00e1genes de dos de las galaxias, los astr\u00f3nomos notaron una misteriosa y fuerte emisi\u00f3n\u00a0 en longitudes de onda milim\u00e9tricas lejos de los objetivos previstos. Para su sorpresa,\u00a0 el Telescopio Espacial Hubble, <\/i>que sondea el cielo en longitudes de onda visibles m\u00e1s cortas, no pudo ver nada en estos lugares.<\/p>\n

Para comprender estos resultados contradictorios, los investigadores de REBELS investigaron el asunto m\u00e1s a fondo. El an\u00e1lisis detallado de las se\u00f1ales mostr\u00f3 que estas eran, de hecho, otras galaxias, repletas de estrellas y que hab\u00edan sido completamente pasadas por alto. El autor principal, el Dr. Fudamoto\u00a0 (Universidad de Waseda\u00a0 y Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico Nacional de Jap\u00f3n) explica: \\\\\\”Estas nuevas galaxias se perdieron no porque sean extremadamente raras, sino solo porque est\u00e1n completamente oscurecidas por el polvo.\u201d<\/i> \u00a0 ALMA pudo resolver el rompecabezas porque en longitudes de onda milim\u00e9tricas puede detectar la emisi\u00f3n de \u00e1tomos de polvo y carbono en el gas que rodea las galaxias. Una de las galaxias representa la galaxia oscurecida por el polvo m\u00e1s distante descubierta hasta ahora.<\/p>\n

\"\\\\\\"\\\\\\"\" Figura. Galaxias distantes fotografiada con ALMA, el Telescopio Espacial Hubble y el telescopio VISTA del Observatorio Europeo Austral. Los colores verde y naranja representan radiaciones de \u00e1tomos de carbono ionizados y part\u00edculas de polvo, respectivamente, observadas con ALMA, y el azul representa la radiaci\u00f3n infrarroja cercana observada con los telescopios espaciales VISTA y Hubble. REBELS-12 y REBELS-29 detectaron tanto radiaci\u00f3n infrarroja cercana como radiaci\u00f3n de \u00e1tomos de carbono ionizados y polvo. Por otro lado, REBELS-12-2 y REBELS-29-2 no se han detectado en el infrarrojo cercano, lo que sugiere que las galaxias est\u00e1n profundamente enterradas en el polvo. Credit: ALMA (ESO\/NAOJ\/NRAO), NASA\/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, ESO, Fudamoto et al.<\/p>\n

Lo sorprendente de este hallazgo accidental es que las galaxias reci\u00e9n descubiertas, que existieron hace 13 mil millones de a\u00f1os, son similares a las galaxias que se sabe que existen en \u00e9pocas posteriores. Sin embargo, fue inesperado encontrar tales galaxias envueltas en polvo tan temprano, menos de 1.000 millones de a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s del Big Bang. El coautor Prof. Manuel Aravena (Universidad Diego Portales) aclara: \\\\\\”El polvo c\u00f3smico y el gas que permea y envuelve a estas galaxias hace que no sean f\u00e1cilmente visibles con telescopios \u00f3pticos. S\u00f3lo el poder y sensibilidad de ALMA a este polvo nos ha permitido develar la existencia de estas galaxias.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

En general, este estudio constituye un paso importante para descubrir la verdadera naturaleza e historia del Universo primitivo, lo que a su vez nos ayudar\u00e1 a comprender d\u00f3nde estamos parados hoy.<\/p>\n

Referencia<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Autores<\/p>\n

T\u00edtulo del art\u00edculo original<\/p>\n

Diario<\/td>\n

Y. Fudamoto1,2,3, P. A. Oesch1,4,S. Schouws5, M. Stefanon5, R. Smit6, R. J. Bouwens5, R. A. A. Bowler7, R. Endsley8, V. Gonzalez9,10, H. Inami11, I. Labbe12, D. Stark8, M. Aravena13, L. Barrufet1, E. da Cunha14,15, P. Dayal16, A. Ferrara17,L. Graziani18,20, 27,J. Hodge5, A. Hutter16, Y. Li21,22, I. De Looze23,24, T. Nanayakkara12, A. Pallottini17, D. Riechers25, R. Schneider \u00a018,19,26,27, G. Ucci16, P. van der Werf5, C. Blanco8<\/p>\n

Galaxias normales oscurecidas por el polvo en la \u00e9poca de la reionizaci\u00f3n<\/p>\n

Nature<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Afiliaciones<\/td>\n

10.1038\/s41586-021-03846-z<\/p>\n

1\u00a0Departamento de Astronom\u00eda, Universidad de Ginebra<\/p>\n

2\u00a0Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Ciencia y la Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Waseda; \u00a0 3Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico Nacional de Jap\u00f3n<\/p>\n

4\u00a0Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Instituto Niels Bohr, Universidad de Copenhague<\/p>\n

5\u00a0Observatorio de Leiden, Universidad de Leiden<\/p>\n

6\u00a0Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John\u00a0 Moores\u00a0 University<\/p>\n

7\u00a0Subdepartamental de Astrof\u00edsica, Edificio Denys Wilkinson, Universidad de Oxford<\/p>\n

8\u00a0Observatorio Steward, Universidad de Arizona<\/p>\n

9\u00a0Departmento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile<\/p>\n

10\u00a0Centro de Astrofisica y Tecnologias Afines (CATA)<\/p>\n

11\u00a0Centro de Ciencias Astrof\u00edsicas de Hiroshima, Universidad de Hiroshima<\/p>\n

12\u00a0Centro de Astrof\u00edsica y Supercomputaci\u00f3n, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Swinburne<\/p>\n

13\u00a0N\u00facleo de Astronom\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales<\/p>\n

14\u00a0Centro Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n radioastronom\u00eda, Universidad de Australia Occidental<\/p>\n

15\u00a0Arc Centro de Excelencia para Toda la Astrof\u00edsica del Cielo en 3 Dimensiones (ASTRO 3D)<\/p>\n

16 Instituto Astron\u00f3micoKapteyn, Universidad de Groningen<\/p>\n

17\u00a0Scuola Normale Superiore<\/p>\n

18\u00a0Departamento de F\u00edsica, Sapienza, Universidad de Roma<\/p>\n

19\u00a0INAF\/Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico de Roma<\/p>\n

20\u00a0INAF\/Observatorio Astrof\u00edsico de Arcetri<\/p>\n

21\u00a0Departamento de Astronom\u00eda y Astrof\u00edsica,Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania<\/p>\n

22\u00a0Instituto para la Gravitaci\u00f3n y el Cosmos, Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania<\/p>\n

23 ObservatorioSterrenkundig ,Universidad de Gante<\/p>\n

24\u00a0Departamento de F\u00edsica y Astronom\u00eda, University College London<\/p>\n

25\u00a0Universidad de Cornell<\/p>\n

26\u00a0Escuela de Estudios Avanzados Sapienza<\/p>\n

27\u00a0INFN, Roma, Italia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

El Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA), una instalaci\u00f3n astron\u00f3mica internacional, es una asociaci\u00f3n de ESO, la Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional de Ciencias de los Estados Unidos (NSF) y los Institutos Nacionales de Ciencias Naturales (NINS) de Jap\u00f3n en cooperaci\u00f3n con la Rep\u00fablica de Chile. ALMA es financiado por ESO en nombre de sus Estados Miembros, por NSF en cooperaci\u00f3n con el Consejo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n de Canad\u00e1 (NRC) y el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda(MOST) y por NINS en cooperaci\u00f3n con la Academia \u00a0Sinica \u00a0(AS) en Taiw\u00e1n y el Instituto de Astronom\u00eda y Ciencia Espacial de Corea (KASI).<\/p>\n

La construcci\u00f3n y las operaciones de ALMA son dirigidas por ESO en nombre de sus Estados Miembros; por el National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), administrado por Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), en nombre de Am\u00e9rica del Norte; y por el Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico Nacional de Jap\u00f3n (NAOJ) en nombre de Asia Oriental. El Observatorio Conjunto de ALMA (JAO) proporciona el liderazgo y la gesti\u00f3n unificados dela construcci\u00f3n, \u00a0puesta en marcha y operaci\u00f3n de ALMA.<\/p>\n

[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:en]While investigating the data of young, distant galaxies observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter\/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Yoshinobu Fudamoto from Waseda University and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan noticed unexpected emissions coming from seemingly empty regions in space that, a global research team confirmed, came actually from two hitherto undiscovered galaxies heavily obscured by cosmic …<\/p>\n

[:en]ALMA Unveil Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn That Were Hiding Behind the Dust[:es]ALMA revela galaxias al principio del tiempo que son invisibles debido al polvo c\u00f3smico[:]<\/span> Read More »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2783,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[35,37,41,45],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2781"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4366,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions\/4366"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astronomia.udp.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}